by Bertus Brokamp on 18 Oct 2008, 21:26
Here´s a nice find from a 1408 Middle-Dutch translation of a late 13th French text describing how to differ between good and evil:
Dese werlt is recht als een grote merct, daer menigherhande waer veyl coemt. Die ghecke onbesochte coeplude worden dicke bedroghen op deser selver marcten, want si copen onder wilen coper ende missinc voer gout, ghemaelde glase voer sophier of voer robijn, blasen voor lantaernen, want si en sien die dinghen niet veerre aen, dan datse scoen sijn, ende sijn so ghec, dat si ghenen anderen wisen coepluden en vraghen, of die dinghen oec so goet sijn als si scinen nochtan dat sijt selve niet waerderen en connen, want sijs hem niet en verstaen. Mer die wise besochte luden, die die proper duecht ende virtuut elcs dinghes kennen, wat goet is ende wat valsch is, die copen dat goede ende latent quade, dat moghen mit rechte warachtighe coeplude heten ende dat en sal u nyement also wel leren, dat rechte ondersceyt te kennen tusschen die cleen pennewaerde ende die grote, tusschen goede waer ende tusschen quade waer, tusschen dat fijn goet ende dat valsche goet, als die grote meester die heylighe geest.
My amateurish translation:
This world is like a big market, where many goods come along. The weird inexperienced merchants are being deceived on these markets, because they buy copper and brass for gold, painted glass for saphire or for ruby, bladders for lanterns, because they do not see past the beauty of the things, and are so stupid not to ask wiser merchants if the things are as good as they seem to be as they themselves can not value them nor understand them.
But the wise merchants, who know proper virtues of all things, what is good and what is false, they buy the good things en leave the bad, with all right they may be known as great merchants and this will teach you to know the right difference between the small penny´s value and the big, between the fine goods and the false goods, as the grand master the holy spirit.
From this text it would seem that if you as a merchant bought a bladder lantern you had been deceived and gotten bad goods. So horn panels seem to have been the common good standard, I suppose.